Primary Survey

The primary survey, also known as the initial assessment, is the first step in evaluating a patient’s condition and identifying any immediate threats to life. It follows a systematic approach to ensure that the most critical steps are taken first.

To remember the key elements of the primary survey, we can use the acronym DRABC:

Danger: As a paramedic, your safety and the safety of others is FIRST. Assess the scene for any potential dangers, such as hazardous materials, traffic, or violence. Ensure the scene is safe before proceeding.

Response: Evaluate the patient’s level of consciousness. Are they responsive or unresponsive? Do they follow commands? This helps determine the patient’s mental status and the severity of their condition.

Airway: Assess the patient’s airway for any obstructions or signs of compromise. Look for things like foreign objects, blood, or swelling that may impede breathing. If necessary, open the airway using techniques like the head tilt-chin lift or jaw thrust maneuver.

Breathing: Check the patient’s breathing. Are they breathing adequately or experiencing any difficulties? Look, listen, and feel for chest rise, breath sounds, and air movement. If needed, provide artificial ventilation or assist with breathing.

Circulation: Evaluate the patient’s circulation, including their pulse and skin color. Assess the quality and rhythm of their peripheral pulses. Look for signs of bleeding, such as external wounds or internal bleeding. If necessary, initiate appropriate interventions like controlling bleeding or starting CPR